1 Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, Banzett RB, Manning HL, Bourbeau J, et al.; American Thoracic Society Committee on Dyspnea. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(4):435–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201111-2042ST.
2 Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012.
3 Mahler DA, Wells CK. Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea. Chest. 1988;93(3):580–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.93.3.580.
4 Labovitz AJ, Noble VE, Bierig M, Goldstein SA, Jones R, Kort S, et al. Focused cardiac ultrasound in the emergent setting: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and American College of Emergency Physicians. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(12):1225–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2010.10.005.
5 Manning HL, Mahler DA. Pathophysiology of dyspnea. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2001;56(4):325–30.
6 Leuppi JD, Dieterle T, Koch G, Martina B, Tamm M, Perruchoud AP, et al. Diagnostic value of lung auscultation in an emergency room setting. Swiss Med Wkly. 2005;135(35-36):520–4.
7 Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al.; Authors/Task Force Members; Document Reviewers. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18(8):891–975. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.592.
8 Minai K, Komukai K, Arase S, Nagoshi T, Matsuo S, Ogawa K, et al. Cardiac tamponade as an independent condition affecting the relationship between the plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels and cardiac function. Heart Vessels. 2013;28(4):510–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-012-0278-x.
9 Babuin L, Alegria JR, Oh JK, Nishimura RA, Jaffe AS. Brain natriuretic peptide levels in constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(7):1489–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.007.
10 Jeanrenaud X. What is a standard transthoracic echocardiogram performed by a cardiologist? Cardiovascular Medicine. 2015;18(4):146–51.
11 Popescu BA, Andrade MJ, Badano LP, Fox KF, Flachskampf FA, Lancellotti P, et al.; European Association of Echocardiography. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for training, competence, and quality improvement in echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10(8):893–905. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jep151.
12 Lancellotti P, Price S, Edvardsen T, Cosyns B, Neskovic AN, Dulgheru R, et al. The use of echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care: recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(2):119–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeu210.
13 Douglas PS, Garcia MJ, Haines DE, Lai WW, Manning WJ, Patel AR, et al.; American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force; American Society of Echocardiography; American Heart Association; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; Heart Failure Society of America; Heart Rhythm Society; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(9):1126–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.002.
14 Neskovic AN, Hagendorff A, Lancellotti P, Guarracino F, Varga A, Cosyns B, et al.; European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Emergency echocardiography: the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging recommendations. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14(1):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jes193.
15 Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):233–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev014.
16 Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(4):277–314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011.
17 Nagueh SF, Bhatt R, Vivo RP, Krim SR, Sarvari SI, Russell K, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamics in patients with decompensated systolic heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(3):220–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.111.963496.
18 Rohde LE, Palombini DV, Polanczyk CA, Goldraich LA, Clausell N. A hemodynamically oriented echocardiography-based strategy in the treatment of congestive heart failure. J Card Fail. 2007;13(8):618–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.05.003.
19 Gregorova Z, Meluzin J, Stepanova R, Sitar J, Podrouzkova H, Spinarova L. Longitudinal, circumferential and radial systolic left ventricular function in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2016;160(3):385–92.
20 Sengeløv M, Jørgensen PG, Jensen JS, Bruun NE, Olsen FJ, Fritz-Hansen T, et al. Global Longitudinal Strain Is a Superior Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(12):1351–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.07.013.
21 Singh A, Addetia K, Maffessanti F, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM. LA Strain Categorization of LV Diastolic Dysfunction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;S1936-878X(16)30798-7.
22 Picano E, Pellikka PA. Ultrasound of extravascular lung water: a new standard for pulmonary congestion. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2097–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw164.
23 Kubo T, Gimeno JR, Bahl A, Steffensen U, Steffensen M, Osman E, et al. Prevalence, clinical significance, and genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with restrictive phenotype. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(25):2419–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.061.
24 Canto JG, Shlipak MG, Rogers WJ, Malmgren JA, Frederick PD, Lambrew CT, et al. Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and mortality among patients with myocardial infarction presenting without chest pain. JAMA. 2000;283(24):3223–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.24.3223.
25 Eek C, Grenne B, Brunvand H, Aakhus S, Endresen K, Smiseth OA, et al. Strain echocardiography predicts acute coronary occlusion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11(6):501–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jeq008.
26 Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, Mueller C, Valgimigli M, Andreotti F, et al.; Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(3):267–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320.
27 Lancellotti P, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Popescu BA, Edvardsen T, Pierard LA, et al.; Scientific Document Committee of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14(7):611–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jet105.
28 Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP, et al.; American Society of Echocardiography; European Association of Echocardiography. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(1):1–23, quiz 101–2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.
29 Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, Foster E, Gottdiener JS, Grayburn PA, et al.; American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee; Task Force on Prosthetic Valves; American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee; Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association; European Association of Echocardiography; European Society of Cardiology; Japanese Society of Echocardiography; Canadian Society of Echocardiography; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association; European Association of Echocardiography; European Society of Cardiology; Japanese Society of Echocardiography; Canadian Society of Echocardiography. Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and doppler ultrasound: a report From the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(9):975–1014, quiz 1082–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.07.013.
30 Ben Zekry S, Saad RM, Ozkan M, Al Shahid MS, Pepi M, Muratori M, et al. Flow acceleration time and ratio of acceleration time to ejection time for prosthetic aortic valve function. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(11):1161–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.08.012.
31 Hahn RT, Abraham T, Adams MS, Bruce CJ, Glas KE, Lang RM, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(9):921–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2013.07.009.
32 Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD; Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2012;126(16):2020–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826e1058.
33 Jeong YH, Choi KJ, Song JM, Hwang ES, Park KM, Nam GB, et al. Diagnostic approach and treatment strategy in tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol. 2008;31(4):172–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.20161.
34. Vistarini N, et al. Parachute Mitral Valve. Can J Cardiol, 2016;32(10):1261e5–1261 e6.
35 Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II. Am J Med. 2007;120(10):871–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024.
36 Konstantinides SV. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(45):3145–6.
37 Saric M, Armour AC, Arnaout MS, Chaudhry FA, Grimm RA, Kronzon I, et al. Guidelines for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of a Cardiac Source of Embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(1):1–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2015.09.011.
1 Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, Banzett RB, Manning HL, Bourbeau J, et al.; American Thoracic Society Committee on Dyspnea. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(4):435–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201111-2042ST.
2 Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012.
3 Mahler DA, Wells CK. Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea. Chest. 1988;93(3):580–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.93.3.580.
4 Labovitz AJ, Noble VE, Bierig M, Goldstein SA, Jones R, Kort S, et al. Focused cardiac ultrasound in the emergent setting: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and American College of Emergency Physicians. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(12):1225–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2010.10.005.
5 Manning HL, Mahler DA. Pathophysiology of dyspnea. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2001;56(4):325–30.
6 Leuppi JD, Dieterle T, Koch G, Martina B, Tamm M, Perruchoud AP, et al. Diagnostic value of lung auscultation in an emergency room setting. Swiss Med Wkly. 2005;135(35-36):520–4.
7 Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al.; Authors/Task Force Members; Document Reviewers. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18(8):891–975. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.592.
8 Minai K, Komukai K, Arase S, Nagoshi T, Matsuo S, Ogawa K, et al. Cardiac tamponade as an independent condition affecting the relationship between the plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels and cardiac function. Heart Vessels. 2013;28(4):510–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-012-0278-x.
9 Babuin L, Alegria JR, Oh JK, Nishimura RA, Jaffe AS. Brain natriuretic peptide levels in constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(7):1489–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.007.
10 Jeanrenaud X. What is a standard transthoracic echocardiogram performed by a cardiologist? Cardiovascular Medicine. 2015;18(4):146–51.
11 Popescu BA, Andrade MJ, Badano LP, Fox KF, Flachskampf FA, Lancellotti P, et al.; European Association of Echocardiography. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for training, competence, and quality improvement in echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10(8):893–905. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jep151.
12 Lancellotti P, Price S, Edvardsen T, Cosyns B, Neskovic AN, Dulgheru R, et al. The use of echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care: recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(2):119–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeu210.
13 Douglas PS, Garcia MJ, Haines DE, Lai WW, Manning WJ, Patel AR, et al.; American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force; American Society of Echocardiography; American Heart Association; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; Heart Failure Society of America; Heart Rhythm Society; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(9):1126–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.002.
14 Neskovic AN, Hagendorff A, Lancellotti P, Guarracino F, Varga A, Cosyns B, et al.; European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Emergency echocardiography: the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging recommendations. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14(1):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jes193.
15 Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):233–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev014.
16 Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(4):277–314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011.
17 Nagueh SF, Bhatt R, Vivo RP, Krim SR, Sarvari SI, Russell K, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamics in patients with decompensated systolic heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(3):220–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.111.963496.
18 Rohde LE, Palombini DV, Polanczyk CA, Goldraich LA, Clausell N. A hemodynamically oriented echocardiography-based strategy in the treatment of congestive heart failure. J Card Fail. 2007;13(8):618–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.05.003.
19 Gregorova Z, Meluzin J, Stepanova R, Sitar J, Podrouzkova H, Spinarova L. Longitudinal, circumferential and radial systolic left ventricular function in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2016;160(3):385–92.
20 Sengeløv M, Jørgensen PG, Jensen JS, Bruun NE, Olsen FJ, Fritz-Hansen T, et al. Global Longitudinal Strain Is a Superior Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(12):1351–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.07.013.
21 Singh A, Addetia K, Maffessanti F, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM. LA Strain Categorization of LV Diastolic Dysfunction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;S1936-878X(16)30798-7.
22 Picano E, Pellikka PA. Ultrasound of extravascular lung water: a new standard for pulmonary congestion. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2097–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw164.
23 Kubo T, Gimeno JR, Bahl A, Steffensen U, Steffensen M, Osman E, et al. Prevalence, clinical significance, and genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with restrictive phenotype. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(25):2419–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.061.
24 Canto JG, Shlipak MG, Rogers WJ, Malmgren JA, Frederick PD, Lambrew CT, et al. Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and mortality among patients with myocardial infarction presenting without chest pain. JAMA. 2000;283(24):3223–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.24.3223.
25 Eek C, Grenne B, Brunvand H, Aakhus S, Endresen K, Smiseth OA, et al. Strain echocardiography predicts acute coronary occlusion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11(6):501–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jeq008.
26 Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, Mueller C, Valgimigli M, Andreotti F, et al.; Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(3):267–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320.
27 Lancellotti P, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Popescu BA, Edvardsen T, Pierard LA, et al.; Scientific Document Committee of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14(7):611–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jet105.
28 Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP, et al.; American Society of Echocardiography; European Association of Echocardiography. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(1):1–23, quiz 101–2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.
29 Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, Foster E, Gottdiener JS, Grayburn PA, et al.; American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee; Task Force on Prosthetic Valves; American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee; Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association; European Association of Echocardiography; European Society of Cardiology; Japanese Society of Echocardiography; Canadian Society of Echocardiography; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association; European Association of Echocardiography; European Society of Cardiology; Japanese Society of Echocardiography; Canadian Society of Echocardiography. Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and doppler ultrasound: a report From the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(9):975–1014, quiz 1082–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.07.013.
30 Ben Zekry S, Saad RM, Ozkan M, Al Shahid MS, Pepi M, Muratori M, et al. Flow acceleration time and ratio of acceleration time to ejection time for prosthetic aortic valve function. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(11):1161–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.08.012.
31 Hahn RT, Abraham T, Adams MS, Bruce CJ, Glas KE, Lang RM, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(9):921–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2013.07.009.
32 Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD; Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2012;126(16):2020–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826e1058.
33 Jeong YH, Choi KJ, Song JM, Hwang ES, Park KM, Nam GB, et al. Diagnostic approach and treatment strategy in tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol. 2008;31(4):172–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.20161.
34. Vistarini N, et al. Parachute Mitral Valve. Can J Cardiol, 2016;32(10):1261e5–1261 e6.
35 Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II. Am J Med. 2007;120(10):871–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.024.
36 Konstantinides SV. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(45):3145–6.
37 Saric M, Armour AC, Arnaout MS, Chaudhry FA, Grimm RA, Kronzon I, et al. Guidelines for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of a Cardiac Source of Embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(1):1–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2015.09.011.